Types of Processor

Processor of a computer or Central Processing Unit is the brain of the computer.This is the part of the computer where all the processing of data done.In computer system processor is responsible to process the data by following the instructions and do the things as instructed by that program. There are different types of computer processors are available in the market, based upon the brand name and manufacturer. Other thing on which processors are categorized is processing speed and multitasking capabilities. So, it is important to know which type of processor is good for your PC, if you are try to assemble new computer setup.Here below a small description on different categories of processor are given:

Processor Based Upon Brand Names and Manufacturers:

There are mainly two types of processors available based on brand name and manufacturer first one is Intel and another one is AMD. Some popular processors from Intel are:

Intel's Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron, Pentium II and III Xeon, Pentium M, Dual Core Xeon, Intel Core and Intel Core 2, Intel Pentium Dual Core, Dual Core Xeon LV, Pentium Duo, Core 2 Quad and Intel Pentuim 2 Dual Core Processor. While AMD's popular processors are Athlon, Duron, Turion, Sempron, Phenom and Opteron.

Computer Processor Based Upon Design Parameters:

There are two types of  processor in this category –First one is data bus width and second one is number of cores. Here below a small description on both of the category are given below:

1- Classification Based on Data Bus Width:

Do the terms '32 bit processor and 64 bit processor' sound well known? I'm certain it does! So what are these bit-figures all about? What functionality of the processor do they issue towards? Well, these numbers show towards the breadth of the data bus. The number of  bits that a processor is tagged with mentions to how numerous morsels of data and memory address dimensions the facts and figures coach can accommodate at one proceed. Therefore, a 32 bit processor can process data and recollection locations that can be prepared out in 32 morsels, while a 64 bit processor has a facts and figures bus that is broad enough to method data or recollection addresses which are capable of being laid out in 64 bits.

The more bits of data and memory address a processor can process at one go, the faster it is considered! Previously, there were 4 bit processors, 8 bit processors as well as 16 bit processors available. However, nowadays, we only see and use either 32 bit or 64 bit processors. When you compare computer processors speed, the wider a data bus is, the faster the processor works. However, certain other hardware and software upgradations are also required for faster processors to come up with their best performance.

2-Types of  Processors Based on Number of Cores:

A core of a processor is like the brain of a man, where the actual reading and execution of program instructions takes place. Now, imagine yourself having two or more brains instead of just one - would that make you capable of thinking and acting faster in the same manner more processors enable the computer to perform multiple tasks at the same time, without having to wait for the completion of one task before starting the next. On these lines, we have single core processors, dual core processors, quadruple core processors, and so on.

Upgration of Laptop's Processor

Now a day's laptops are the basic need of every user because it is easy to carry, you can take your laptop everywhere  Generally laptop's life is around 3 year but in some cases when your laptop is   used extensively life of the laptop becomes lower that is its performance, processing  speed becomes slower. This is the reason that people want to by new laptop to replace their old one.

How to upgrade your laptop's processor?

The main thing you should have to remember is, to save all your important data in anywhere else like save all your important files in your pan drive or save it on your mail so that you can further read yor important files because in this process there is chances of loss of data , so be careful before upgrade your processor.

Here below some very simple instructions that you neeed to follow. But remember one thing  that only someone who are familiar with computer parts and worked with computer parts before should carry out this procedure.

• Firstly you should do, backup all the contents of your hard drive somewhere, because in this chances of losing the data on the hard drive are possible, not always but this does happen sometimes.

• Make a proper note of all the parts that you remove and how they are placed very carefully. Refer to online tutorials for your particular model for this purpose, and also consult an assembly guide of your laptop, if your manufacturer has provided you with one.

• Now remove all components from the hard drive including battery, the optical drive, the RAM chips, the hard disk and other external peripherals like keyboard, that are attached.

• Locate the original processor and make a note of how it has been attached. Carefully remove it and then insert the new processor in the same manner.

• Reinsert all the other parts that you removed one by one, and make sure that everything is in place exactly the way it was before.

• Now switch on the machine, go to the BIOS on the startup screen and check if everything is functioning properly. Check the configuration to see if the new processor has been recognized.

If you face any problems in the procedure, you need to for technical person who has knowledge of PC or laptop fix. It could either be a friend or a professional who works at a computer repair store. In the worst case scenario, you will have to leave the laptop with a repair store and have them fix the problem of your computer and carry out the replacement successfully.

Installation of RAM in Computer

Most of the time when you do various work with your computer at a same time like you are working with large files or many programs at once your computer slows down so you need to increase the performance of computer and this will done by installing extra RAM i.e.Random Access Memory. 

So, question is arise how to install a RAM??......No problem below is the small description about installation process of RAM.

Installing RAM is a very simple task. The main thing is that you have to know:

• What kind of RAM you need.
• How much RAM you have
• How much RAM you wish to add
• Form factor
• RAM type
• Tools needed
• Warranty
• Where it goes

1. Firstly you have to determine what kind of RAM you need, and whether your computer has enough open slots to hold it. One more thing the new RAM should match the existing RAM's specifications and configuration.
2. Shut down the computer and leave it plugged into the surge suppressor.
3. Disconnect all the peripheral devices that is all the input output devices like the monitor, keyboard, mouse etc. from the computer.
4. Remove the cover of the computer.
5. Ground yourself to the computer with professional grounding equipment like an anti-static wristband or hold a metal part of the chassis.
6. Remove any cards or internal components necessary to give yourself unobstructed access to RAM sockets.
7. Pick up your SIMM that is single in-line memory module or DIMM that is dual in-line memory module by the ends without touching pins or chips.
8. If adding a SIMM, find the notched end and turn the SIMM so that it is parallel to the existing RAM card. Insert the SIMM or DIMM into the socket. 
9. Use slight pressure to keep a SIMM from backing out while rotating the module to an upright position perpendicular to the motherboard.
10. To be very careful when you insert a SIMM or DIMM. Make sure that the small holes on each side of a SIMM fit into holders.
11.  Try to pull the module out to ensure it is locked in position.
12. Replace all the internal components.
13. Leave the cover off and reconnect the monitor, keyboard and mouse.
14. Now turn on this new computer setup.
15. Check the amount of RAM by right-clicking the My Computer icon in and choosing Properties.
16. If you don't see the right amount of RAM, turn off your computer and try "reseating" the SIMM or DIMM and reboot. 

By doing the above processes you can easly install RAM into your computer and the performance of  computer will increase.

Booting Process of Computer

 In computers booting is known as the initial set of all the operations that a computer performs when power is switched ON. The process starts when a computer is turned ON for the first time and ends when the computer is ready to perform its normal operations.This process is also known as bootstrap.

Generally there are two types of booting First one is Cold boot which is used when you turn the computer on from an off position and the other is Warm boot is used when you reset a computer that is already ON. Most of the people are not aware about the processes involved in the Booting. SO,Here below is the description of the processes that involved in booting:

 1. BIOS: First of all BIOS (Basic Input Output System) comes into picture which is the first code executed by computer when power supply is switched on. When power is turned on, POST (Power-On Self-Test) is the diagnostic testing sequence which is performed by computer to determine if the peripheral devices like computer keyboard, disk drives and other hardware are working correctly. If the POST is a failure the system halts with a beep sound. 

· Then BIOS checks the boot priority. We can set the boot priority as CD drive, hard disk or flash memory.

· The next duty of BIOS is to read the MBR (Master Boot Record).The first sector on a hard disk. MBR contains the partition loader and boot loader.

· Function of Partition table: The partition loader code which accesses the partition table to identify the primary partition, extended partitions and active partition which is needed to determine the file system and locate the operating system loader file - NTLDR. 

NTLDR will call upon the boot.ini file which is located at the root directory to determine the location and entries of the operating system boot partition. NTLDR will pass all information from the Windows registry and Boot.ini file into Ntoskrnl.exe.

· Function of Bootloader:

Then Boot loader performs tasks of loading operating system in the memory. Generally two terms are used the Cold boot is used when you turn the computer on from an off position and the Warm boot is used when you reset a computer that is already ON. The two stages are involved in the boot loader, stage 1 boot loader and stage 2 bootloader. MBR contains the stage 1 boot loader and stage 1 boot loader is a link to the stage 2 boot loader. The stage 2 boot loader resides in the boot partition and it loads the kernel to the computer system's memory.

2. Boot files and functions:

There are three boot files in a Windows operating system and they are found in the active partition of hard disk and its normally C drive:

• NTLDR: - NTLDR stands for NT Loader and it’s the second stage bootloader.
• Boot.ini: - Boot.ini contains the configuration files of NTLDR. When the operating system is loaded we cannot pass any arguments to kernel, so those arguments are passed through boot.ini. 
• NTDETECT.COM: - This file detects hardware's and passes information to NTLDR to create a hardware key for hardware detection. A new hardware key is generated after each reboot of the operating system and that's why system asks to reboot after installation of a new hardware.

3. Kernel and its functions:

After executing the functions of boot files the control is passed to Kernel. Ntoskrnal.exe is    the kernel file in a Windows machine. Kernel acts as a layer between software and hardware. The library file hal.dll helps Kernel to interact with hardware's. HAL stands for Hardware Abstraction Layer and this hal.dll file is machine specific. Now the drivers for hardware's are loaded from the file and the Kernel is loaded to primary memory.

4. Services and log in procedure:

When kernel is loaded in the primary memory services for each process is started and the registry entry occurs. Winlogon.exe starts the log in procedures of windows machine. It first calls the library file msgina.dll which provides the log in window. Now msginal.dll passes the control to LSA (Local Security Authority), it verifies the username and password from the SAM file. SAM file contains information about all users of that Window operating system.

Now the booting procedure is over and you will reach the desktop of Windows operating system. 

Registry Cleaner

Increase computer performance by registry clean up

Ya, I am having a computer, you know latest one with every features, and have paid the most for getting this, but what’s this bullshit, its getting slow after three months of usage, what should I do? I love my computer very much and it have become a part and partial of my life, I am not from technical background, brought it for my entertainment but its getting chuck!!, I don’t want to call a technician here and there, and to do bullshit on it and I have to pay him for it again and again.

Hey guys not to worry about, it normally happens, just pay little attention and you will be out of this trouble. Lots of ways are their, to increase the performance of computer, but the most important and effective one is the windows registry cleaner. This software is quite a new invention and is becoming popular with computer users who can now fix the problems themselves and do not require any technician.

Now the question arise what does this software tool for?  The main purpose of this software is to collect and remove data entries and redundant files that Windows accumulates over time naturally. It’s not a one or two day job, when we use computer for a long run and install or uninstall applications their creates a residue of program access points, so registry cleaner helps in removing those to create free space so that important programs can be placed their.

It mainly fixes problems such as

• Fix errors caused after program uninstalled.
• Files or shortcuts associated with uninstalled programs.
• Slow boot times.
• Overall computer response time.

Basically this software is a third party software tool made for Microsoft windows, they are useful to repair inconsistencies arising from manual changes to applications, and especially C-MOS based programs. A poorly designed registry cleaner may not be equipped to know for sure whether a key is still being used by Windows or what detrimental effects removing it may have. This may lead to loss of functionality and/or system instabilities, so selection of good registry cleaner is an important task.

In market their comes many registry cleaner but the essential features which this software must have are the followings,

• This tool should have a reliable backup system so that incase if anything goes wrong you can reverse the changes it has made.
• The software should be effective and should address all the registry related issues.
• The program should be easy to use and comprehensive for a normal use.
• It should not affect any other component of the system at all.
• An ideal software package should also provide a dedicated support for all its users so that in any technical difficulty you can contact the support staff.